關(guān)于慢性腎病
腎臟是身體中最繁忙的器官之一,其中100萬個微小過濾器(稱為腎單元)共同過濾血液,將廢物和多余液體轉(zhuǎn)化為尿液。1腎功能在比較緩慢的過程中進行性喪失被稱為慢性腎?。–KD)。2? ?
CKD在全球各地都非常流行,影響著全球約8.5億人,占總?cè)丝诘?0%以上3,4。由于CKD在疾病晚期之前大多是無癥狀的,因此大多數(shù)患者未被診斷,每年有數(shù)百萬人過早死于CKD及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥3。
CKD的病因是什么?? ?
CKD可能發(fā)生在任何年齡段,但是某些人群的患病可能性更高。5約三分之一的CKD病例是由糖尿病和肥胖等代謝性疾病造成,但風(fēng)險最高的人群還包括有CKD家族史或高齡人群。6,7,8
CKD有哪些癥狀?9
大多數(shù)病例無癥狀,但隨著腎臟損害的加重,癥狀可能包括:
- 疲勞
- 腳踝、腳或手腫脹
- 呼吸短促
- 感覺難受
- 血尿
- 皮膚瘙癢
如何診斷CKD?
血液檢查使用一種稱為腎小球濾過率估計值(eGFR)的指標(biāo)檢查腎臟濾過血液的速度。
尿液檢查用于檢查尿液中的白蛋白和肌酐,稱為白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)。
高血壓、糖尿病和心血管疾病患者人群罹患CKD的風(fēng)險較高,因此應(yīng)根據(jù)指南建議對這些人群進行篩查。10
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參考文獻
[1] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): Your Kidneys and How They Work. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work#:~:text=Your%20kidneys%20remove%20wastes%20and,and%20potassium%E2%80%94in%20your%20blood. Last accessed: October 2022.
[2] Leon BM, Maddox TM. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(13):1246–58.
[3] Levin A, Tonelli M, Bonventre J, et al. Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. Lancet. 2017;390:1888-917.
[4] Coresh J. Update on the Burden of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(4):1020–1022.
[5] National Kidney Foundation. Chronic kidney disease. Available at: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease. Last accessed: October 2022.
[6] Yim HE, Yoo KH. Obesity and chronic kidney disease: prevalence, mechanism, and management. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):511-518.
[7] Levin A, Tonelli M, Bonventre J, et al. Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. Lancet. 2017;390:1888-917.
[8] Wang V, et al. LE. Semin Nephrol. 2016;36(4):319-30
[9] NHS: Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/. Last accessed: October 2022.
[10] NHS: Chronic Kidney Disease. Diagnosis. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/diagnosis/. Last accessed: October 2022.
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